Why is my React Native app crashing on start without any error?

My React Native app works perfectly fine on the iOS simulator, but does not work when running on my iOS device. It simply shows the splash screen, then crashes without any error.

I have tried:

1. Deleting and reinstalling node_modules
2. Deleting iOS build folder
3. Resetting watchman cache with react-native start --reset-cache

But nothing seems to work.